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  Operating System theory explores the fundamental principles that drives the modern-day computer system. The key principles are  Threads and process synchronization, Memory management, File systems, Mass storage, I/O, and Security and protection . These concepts enable the operating system to perform its functions. Threads and process synchronization is the basis of how operations and instructions are executed in the CPU. These operations are managed in different CPU configurations by pipelining , threading and multi-threading . Modern computer systems are able to execute multiple programs concurrently within the CPU configuration and hardware constraints using these techniques. Memory management is a critical component of operating systems that ensures efficient resource allocation, process isolation, and system performance optimization. The Memory Management Unit (MMU) is the hardware component that controls the flow of data through memory exchanges, primarily to convert ...